UnderStanDing CirGareTTe

. Understanding CigaretteCigarette is a cylinder of paper length sized between 70 to 120 mm (varies by country) with a diameter of about 10 mm containing tobacco leaves that have been chopped. Cigarette burned on one end and allowed to smolder so that the smoke can be inhaled through the mouth on the other end.There are two types of cigarettes, cigarettes are filtered and not filtered. Filters on cigarettes are made from synthetic fibers foam material that serves to filter nicotine.Cigarettes are usually sold in a package or box-shaped paper packaging that can be incorporated easily into a pocket. Since last few years, these packs are also generally accompanied by health messages that warn smokers of the health hazards that may result from smoking, such as lung cancer or heart attack (even though in reality it is just a decoration, it is seldom obeyed).Man in the world who smoke for the first time is the Indian tribes in America, for ritual purposes such as worshiping god or spirit. In the 16th century, when the Europeans discovered the Americas, most of the European explorers that go try smoking cigarettes and then brought tobacco to Europe. Then the habit of smoking began to appear among the European nobility. But unlike the Indians who smoked for ritual purposes, in Europe people smoke just for the sheer enjoyment. 17th century Spanish traders go to Turkey and when it started to get in the habit of smoking Islamic countries.Cigarettes are toxic effect of suggestion relaxed and feel more manly. Behind the usefulness or benefits of cigarettes contained a piece of a very big danger for people who smoke and those around smokers than non-smokers.
2.2. The impact of smokingAs we know in the cigarette smoke that is inhaled by the smoker, not less than 4000 toxic chemicals. Chemicals released gas is made up of components (85 percent) and particles. Nicotine, carbon monoxide gas, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, acrolein, acetylene, benzaldehid, urethan, benzene, methanol, coumarin, 4-etilkatekol, ortokresoldan perylene is Sebaian of thousands - thousands of substances in cigarettes.The number of deaths and claims smokers According to the research world Health Organization (WHO), every single hour, tobacco killed 560 people worldwide. If calculated one year there were 4.9 million deaths in the world caused by tobacco cigarettes. The death is inseparable from 3800 chemicals, most of which are toxic and carcinogenic (cancer-triggering substances), but it also has benzopyrene from cigarette smoke is carbon particles emitted from a smooth incomplete combustion of charcoal, oil, wood or material Other fuels are a direct cause gene mutations. It is inversely proportional to the output properties of cigarettes themselves against humans that are abstract and different from the food and drinks that are manifest in the body and can be measured quantitatively.Besides claiming to get pleasure from the output cigarettes, smokers claim that cigarettes can also increase endurance work, increase productivity, and others. But this claim is difficult to prove because the abstract value involved in the smoke output. Experts even predict that cigarettes are not pertinent in the above claims. In fact the opposite occurs, decrease produktiviats someone because of smoke caused by the division of working time and smoking. Also based on the new study finds that smoking can lower IQ. (From various sources)Danger to the body which can lead to cancer, lung, impotence and disorders in the fetus, while it may cause harm to the environment caused by air pollution from the smoke of cigarettes smoked.Actually, the most dangerous among passive smokers and active smokers, passive smokers who inhale second-hand smoke causes harmful smoke the most. Dangerous than cigarettes also can also be deadly and cause addiction to the wearer.Smoking for adults can be especially dangerous for children who are still attending school. Hence, smoking is prohibited in school and outside of school.Negative effects of cigarettes, is already starting to feel the time people just starting to smoke cigarettes. In cigarette smoke that burns due sucked, imperfect burning tobacco to produce CO (carbon mono oxide), which in addition to its own smoke, tar and nicotine (which happens also from the burning of tobacco) is inhaled into the airway.
CO, Tar and Nicotine effect on the nerve causes:
Jittery, shaky hands (tremor)Taste / appetite diminishedPregnant mothers who smoke may likely miscarriage abortion.
2.3. Causative factor in adolescent smokingThere are several factors that encourage teenagers to smoke, including:1. Parent and family factorsOne of the findings of teen smokers is that young children who come from homes that are not happy, where parents paid little attention to their children and give harsh physical punishment is easier to be smokers than young people who come from environments happy home (Baer & Corado in Atkinson, Introduction to Psychology, 1999:294).In addition, children who have smoking parents are more prone to be affected and imitate their parents.
2. My friend smokedMany facts prove that teenage smokers, most likely his friends are smokers, and vice versa. Among teen smokers are 87% had at least one or more friends who are smokers as well as nonsmokers teenagers (Al Bachri, 1991).
3. PersonalAnyone tried smoking just because of curiosity. Maybe also because I wanted to treat the physical and mental pain, expel bored. In addition to these reasons, social conformity is also a trigger. People who score high on tests of social conformity more easily into users compared with those who had a low score (Atkinson, 1999).
4. Cigarette advertising turns ...Advertisements in various media which suggests that smokers are the epitome of glamor, boys really, triggering teenagers to participate behave like that.Well, if you are caught in a current smoker status, just calm down. There are a variety of prevention efforts if you want to change.
2.4. Efforts to tackle smokingSmoking in the school of the student are more and more, it is because the students invite other students or due to social factors. Therefore teachers more rigorous in monitoring the surrounding areas are often used as a place to smoke.In addition, do more pointedly warning that offenders particularly smokers deterrent and not do it again either in school or out of school.
If they are addicted, the tips that you should do is:Think of the fun things that will happen to your body when you quit smoking during the crisis (usually 1.5 to 2 weeks)
Drink lots of water, eat lots of vegetables and fruits each time the desire to smoke
Talk or communicate with other people and keep busy
Exercising the menyennagkan and regularly favored and measurable
Massage the back and neck area, and draw a deep breath.
If for dependence, then disconnect all the connections between cigarettes and habits that are often performed with the following tips:If you want a taste of a cigarette in hand, play with other items such as pencils, pens, or read a book
If there is a desire to light a cigarette, keep out of reach and throw cigarette lighters
If you usually smoke after meals, immediately get up after eating, brushing gihi and go running or doing activities that make sure the cigarette
If smoking is accompanied by a cup of coffee, then coffee ganilah with fruit juice etc.
If the smoke to cool down, then try to remember the dangers of smoking can lead to heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, miscarriage, etc..
Here are some tips to consider:Ask yourself, if there are friends, relatives, or neighbors who suffer from one of the above diseases. Imagine if the disease attacking ourselves.
If the urge to smoke is very strong, do moderate exercise such as walking or doing a hobby or activity that your hobby.
If you think that smoking can make us be quiet or uncomfortable, then say and admit honestly that cigarettes may not be able to cope with existing problems.
To overcome this problem, the need to involve family, friends, and relatives to help divert attention from cigarettes.
If you want to quit smoking should specify the actions to be selected or what behavior is most easily changed circumstances related to smoking.
Make a statement to quit smoking, then read a statement about his intentions to quit smoking in front of a friend or relative or family member who will serve as a reminder that the desire to stop smoking reached.
CHAPTER IIISUBSTANCE CONTAINED IN CIGARETTE
3.1. Cigarettes and Chemical Reactions (Combustion)Cigarette burning process is no different than burning other solid materials. Cigarettes are made from dried tobacco leaves, paper and flavoring substances, can be formed from the element Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) as well as other elements which are present. Overall cigarette which can be chemically formulated as (CvHwOtNySzSi).
Two reactions that may occur in the process of smoking
The first is the reaction cigarette with oxygen to form compounds such as CO2, H2O, NOx, SOx, and CO. This reaction is called combustion reactions that occur at high temperature is above 800oC. This reaction occurs at the end of a cigarette or surface contact with the air.
CvHwOtNySzSi + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + NOx + Sox + SiO2 (ash) ((at a temperature of 800oC))
3.2. Cigarette combustion reactionThe second reaction is the reaction of the chemical structure solving cigarettes into other chemical compounds. This reaction occurs due to heating and the absence of oxygen. This reaction is better known as pyrolysis. Pyrolysis takes place at temperatures lower than 800oC. So that the range of pyrolysis on the inside of the cigarette is in the area of ​​400-800oC temperature. Characteristic of this reaction is the result of thousands of chemical compounds that are structurally complex.
CvHwOtNySzSi ->'s 3000 + chemical compounds other hot products ((at a temperature of 400-800oC))pyrolysis reaction
Although pyrolysis reactions are not dominant in the process of smoking, but a lot of the resulting compounds belong to a toxic chemical that has the ability to diffuse in the blood. Diffusion process will continue while there are differences in concentration. No need to doubt that there is a point on the dangers of smoking cigarettes pyrolysis. Actually this can be burnt pyrolysis products when the product passes the high temperature and sufficient to Oxygen. This does not happen in the process because the process inhaled smoke and gas products in the area of ​​400-800oC temperature flowing directly toward the mouth of the temperature around 37oC.
3.3. Cigarettes and the evaporation of water vapor and nicotineIn addition to the chemical reaction, is also a process of evaporation of water vapor and nicotine which took place at temperatures between 100-400oC. Nicotine is vaporized at temperatures above the area can not be a chance to go through and not through the high temperature combustion process. Terkondensasinya nicotine vapor in the gas depends on the temperature, the concentration of nicotine vapor in the gas and the geometry of the channels through which the gas.
At temperatures below 100oC nicotine is condensing, so actually before the gas enters the mouth, nicotine condensation has occurred. Based on balance, not all of the nicotine in condensed gas before it enters the mouth so that the gas will enter the lungs still contain nicotine. Once in the lungs, nicotine will experience a new equilibrium, and condensation will occur again.
Thus, viewed in the combustion process, the process of smoking is no different than the process of burning wood in the kitchen, in the process of burning kerosene stoves, coal pembakakaran processes in the cement industry, the process of burning natural gas in heating the steel industry and all processes involving combustion of fuel and oxygen. It is ironic indeed that a man very concerned about the balance of nature caused by the fuel combustion process industries that emit pollution, but on the other hand people deliberately burning cigarette production gas flow to their lungs.
3.4. Tar and Cigarette SmokeDangerous substances in the form of concentrated impurities that can clog and irritate the lungs - pulmonary and respiratory systems, causing chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and in some cases cause lung cancer - lung (deadly disease that is almost unknown to those who never smoked). Chemical Toxins in TAR can also seep into the bloodstream and then excreted in urine.TAR remaining in the bladder can also cause bladder cancer. Additionally Tar can seep into the bloodstream and reduces the ability of cells - red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body, so a great effect on the circulatory system.
Tar and cigarette smoke stimulates airway, and the tar was buried duct leading to:
Coughing or shortness of breathTar that sticks in the airway can cause cancer of the airway,tongue or lips.
3.5. Gas CO (Carbon Mono Oxide)CO gas also negatively affect the airway of blood vessels. Carbon mono oxide is more easily bound to hemoglobin than oxygen. Therefore, the blood of many people who possessed CO, will be reduced payload power for oxygen and people can die due to carbon mono oxide poisoning. In the smoker will not happen until the CO poisoning, but the influence of CO is inhaled by the smoker with little by little, slowly but surely will have negative effect on the airways and blood vessels.
3.6. Nicotine and nicotine workIs a substance that can be addictive and affects the nervous system, heart rate (exceeding the normal rate), thereby increasing the risk of disease jantung.Selain these substances most frequently discussed and researched people, because it can poison the body's nerves, increase blood pressure, cause constriction of peripheral blood vessels and cause addiction and dependence on the wearer. 4-6 mg of nicotine that is inhaled by adults every day can make someone addicted. Besides nicotine plays a role in initiating tooth supporting tissue disease because nicotine can be absorbed by the oral soft tissues including the gums through the blood stream and the attachment of the gum to the tooth surface and root. Nicotine can be found on the root surface of the tooth and its metabolites kontinin results can be found in the gums fluid.Nicotine stimulates the rise of adrenaline from the adrenal hormones that cause:- Heart palpitations- Increases blood pressure and cholesterol levels in the blood, is closely related to a heart attackWhen smoked, nicotine is absorbed by the bloodstream and starts transmitted to the brain. Nicotinic receptor bound nicotine in the ventral tegmental anticholinergic 42 in area (VTA). Nicotine is tied at 42 going to release dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens (nAcc). Dopamine that is believed to induce a feeling mid and comfortable. No wonder that smokers will relapse to obtain the comfortable effect.When smokers begin to reduce or quit smoking then nicotine intake is reduced and also reduced the release of dopamine, resulting in withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and stress.
That caused the road to be difficult to stop smoking because of addiction to nicotine. Verenicline role serves as a chain breaker addiction. Usually nicotine binds to receptors 42, but later that will be associated with the receptor 42 is verenicline that works in two ways. First, verenicline stimulate the receptors to release dopami pasrial, aim to reduce withdrawal symptoms such as dizziness, difficulty concentrating or badmood arising from the process of quitting smoking.
Second, verenicline blocking nicotine receptors attached. So if smoking again, do not be stuck in nicotine receptors, thereby reducing the delicious taste of cigarettes. = Verenicline be given to adult smokers 18 years of age or at least who want to quit smoking. Verenicline be given to heavy or light smokers. Initial dose given enhanced light slowly. To achieve a cure to stop smoking, it takes time for three months, good for heavy or light smokers.Verenicline side effects are nausea, headache, insomnia and abnormal dreams. However, the benefits of quitting smoking caused much greater because of the cigarette contained more than 4 thousand chemicals and 250 carcinogens.
Even the chemicals found in tobacco smoke (cigarettes) such as acetone, butane, arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide and toluene same as those found in industrial materials. So can imagine not harm cigarettes?